UNIT 3 – THE IMPERIALISM AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY
INDEX
UNIT 3 – THE IMPERIALISM AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY
1- The rise of nationalism in Europe (Textbook pages 76-77)
2- Imperialism (Textbook pages 80-81)
3- The colonial empires (Textbook pages 82-83)
4- The Second Industrial Revolution and the late 19th century society (Textbook p. 84-85-86-87)
5- The Armed Peace (Textbook pages 100-101)
6- World War I (Textbook pages 102-103)
7- The Russian Revolution (Textbook pages 104-105)
8- The Paris Peace Conference and the consequences of the war (Textbook p. 106-107-108-109)
1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
ORIGIN
GERMAN
CONFEDERATION
(ASSOCIATION OF
GERMAN STATES
DUE TO
CONGRESS OF
VIENNA)
STAGES
GERMAN
NATIONALISTS
(AFTER FAILED
1848
REVOLUTIONS)
LED BY
AUSTRIA
AND
CATHOLIC
LED BY
PRUSSIA
(OTTO VON
BISMARK) AND
PROTESTANT
1864
AUSTRIA
AND
PRUSSIA vs
DENMARK
AUSTRIA AND
PRUSSIA
SHARED OUT
NEW
TERRITORIES
1866
PRUSSIA vs
AUSTRIA DUE
TO
ADMINISTRATI
ON OF THOSE
NEW
TERRITORIES
PRUSSIA UNIFY
NORTHEN
GERMANY
(DEFEAT
AUSTRIA)
1870-71
GERMAN STATES (LED
BY PRUSSIA) DEFEAT
FRANCE AND
ASSIMILATE ALSACE
AND LORRAINE
PRUSSIAN KING
WILLIAM I BECAME
KAISER
GERMANY AS
FEDERAL
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
ITALIAN PENINSULA (AFTER
CONGRESS OF VIENNA)
NORTH-EAST OCCUPIED BY
AUSTRIA
NORTH-WEST –
KINGDOM OF
PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
(TURIN)// FOCAL POINT
WITH CAVOUR, MAZZINI
AND GARIBALDI
CENTER – PAPAL
STATES
SOUTH – KINGDOM
OF TWO SICILIES
STAGES
1859-60
PIEDMONT
(WITH FRANCE)
DEFEAT
AUSTRIA AND
ASSIMILATE
LOMBARDY
(MILAN)
NATIONALIST
INSURRECTIONS
(PARMA,
TUSCANY…) JOIN
PIEDMONT BY
REFERENDUMS
1860-61
“RED SHIRTS”
(ARMY OF
VOLUNTEERS)
LED BY
GARIBALDI
CONQUER
KINGDOM OF
TWO SICILIES
(NAPLES AND
SICILY)
KINGDOM OF ITALY
PROCLAIMED WITH
VICTOR
EMMANUEL II
1866-70
ITALY
ASSIMILATED
VENICE (AFTER
PURSSIA DEFEAT
AUSTRIA)
ITALY
ASSILITAED
ROME (1871)
AND BECAME
CAPITAL
2. IMPERIALISM
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
(ARGUMENTS TO JUSTIFY IT)
DEMOGRAPHIC
SURPLUS OF
POPULATION IN
EUROPE / EMIGRATE
TO THE COLONIES
POLITICAL
EUROPEAN POWERS
ASSIMILATE
TERRITORIES DUE
TO THEIR
GEOSTRATEGIC
LOCATION (TRADE
AND “JEALOUS”)
PROVIDE PRESTIGE
IDEOLOGICAL
RACISM, BELIEF IN
THE SUPPOSED
SUPERIORITY OF
WHITE RACE THAT
PRODUCE A FEELING
OF A SUPPOSE
CIVILISING MISSION
WITH NATIVE
POPULATION
ECONOMIC
EUROPEAN POWERS
NEEDED CHEAP
RAW MATERIALS
AND ENERGY
SOURCES
MARKETS TO SELL
EUROPEAN´S
PRODUCTS
2. IMPERIALISM
RESPECT FOR OTHER CULTURES
THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN COLONIAL EXPANSION WAS JUSTIFIED BY VIEWING
OTHER PEOPLES AS INFERIOR AND IN NEED OF GUIDANCE AND PROTECTION.
IN OUR GLOBALISED WORLD, THE GOAL SHOULD BE MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING.
THIS DOES NOT MEAN IMPOSING ONE CULTURAL MODEL ON THE OTHERS, BUT
RECOGNISING AND RESPECTING OTHER CULTURES BASED ON ETHICAL CRITERIA.
Value, textbook page 80
2. IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM
CONTROL
EXERCISED
BY CERTAIN
EUROPEAN
STATES OVER
OTHER
TERRITORIES
OUTSIDE
EUROPE
TYPES OF COLONIAL
ADMINISTRATION
CHARACTERISTICS
MAINLY
BETWEEN
1870-1914 (2nd
HALF OF 19th
CENTURY AND
1st HALF OF
20th
CENTURY)
INDUSTRIALISED
COUNTRIES
COLONIAL
EMPIRES
(AFRICA, ASIA,
PACIFIC)
COLONY
METROPOLE
DOMINATED
ENTIRELY
SETTLER
COLONIES
EXPLOITATION
COLONIES
PROTECTORATE
METROPOLE
“RESPECT”
NATIVE
GOVERNMENT
BUT CONTROL
ECONOMY
(RESOURCES)
AND FOREIGN
POLICIES
CONCESSION
FOR TRADE,
METROPLE
CONTROL
PORTS OF
OTHER
TERRITORIES
3. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES
EUROPEAN
EXPANSION
SURVIVING EARLY
MODERN EMPIRES
PORTUGAL
(TERRITORIES
IN AFRICA,
INDIAN OCEAN
AND CHINA)
NETHERLANDS
(INDONESIA)
SPAIN (SMALL
TERRITORIES IN
AFRICA)
GREAT COLONIAL EMPIRES
BRITISH EMPIRE (INDIA,
TERRITORIES IN AFRICA,
OCEANIA, NORTH
AMERICA, ASIA)
FRANCE
(TERRITORIES IN
AFRICA, INDOCHINA,
INDIAN AND PACIFIC
OCEAN)
LATER COLONIAL EMPIRES
(JOIN THE “SCRAMBLE FOR
AFRICA”)
GERMANY
ITALY
BELGIUM
BERLIN
CONFERENCE
(1885)
TO PREVENT
CONFLICTS AND
REGULATE
AFRICAN
COLONISATION
AND TRADE
3. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES
NON EUROPEAN METROPOLES
UNITED STATES
WESTWARDS OF
NORTH AMERICA /
PHILIPPINES…
MONROE
DOCTRINE
(CONTROL
AMERICAN
CONTINENT)
JAPAN
FORCED TO TRADE WITH
INDUSTRIALISED
COUNTRIES (MID 19th
CENTURY)
MEIJI RESTORATION
IMPLEMENTED A
EUROPEAN STYLE
EXPAND WITH
CONFLICTS (CHINA,
RUSSIA)
4. THE 2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE LATE 19th CENTURY SOCIETY
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1870-1914
ELECTRICITY AND
PETROLEUM
(NEW ENERGY
SOURCES)
INNOVATIONS IN
TRANSPORT AND
COMMUNICATIONS
NEW
INSDUSTRIES
(CARS,
ELECTRICITY…)
FINANCIAL
CAPITALISM
DUE TO THE NEED OF BIG
AMOUNT OF MONEY FOR THE
INCREASING SIZE OF
COMPANIES
LARGE INDUSTRIAL AND
FINANCIAL CONSOLIDATION
(MONOPOLISE AND CONTROL
MARKETS)
MONOPOLIES
ASSEMBLY LINES,
MASS
PRODUCTION…
4. THE 2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE LATE 19th CENTURY SOCIETY
SUFFRAGE
MOVEMENT
LATE 19th CENTURY SOCIETY
URBAN SOCIETY
ORIGINS OF WELFARE STATE
LABOUR MOVEMENT
PEOPLE CONTINUE MOVING
FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS
(INDUSTRIES)
DUE TO THE RISE OF
SOCIALISM AND
LABOUR MOVEMENT
WITH UNIVERSAL
MALE SUFFRAGE
TRY TO COORDINATE THE
WORKING CLASS AND THE
CLASS STRUGGLE
BOURGEOISIE AND
NOBILITY MERGED AS
CONSERVATIVE CLASS
MIDDLE CLASSES
(SERVICES SECTOR
INCREASE)
PEASANTS DECREASED
AS PROLETARIAT
(WORKING CLASS)
INCREASED
FIRST INTERNATIONAL
(IWA)
COMPULSORY
EDUCATION
SOCIAL
INSURANCE
(UNEMPLOYMENT
AND DISEASES)
PUBLIC HEALTH
AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
MARXIST
(KARL MARX)
POLITICAL
PARTIES TO
SEIZE
BOURGEOISIE
POWER
ANARCHIST
(BAKUNIN)
ABOLISH ALL
AUTHORITY
SECOND
INTERNATIONAL
(SOCIALIST)
SOCIALDEMOCRATIC
(ROSA
LUXEMBURGO)
NATIONALISM vs
INTERNATIONALISM
5. THE ARMED PEACE (1880-1914)
THE ARMED PEACE (PERIOD OF TENSION AND CONFRONTATION)
TERRITORIAL RIVALRIES
TO ACQUIRE NEW COLONIES
(OUTSIDE EUROPE)
ALSACE-LORRAINE
(GERMANY-FRANCE)
ISTRIA, DALMATIA (ITALY
– AUSTROHUNGARIAN)
MOROCCO (ANGLO-FRENCH
ENTENTE - GERMANY)
BALKANS (MESS: AUSTRIA-HUNGAY,
RUSSIA, NEW NATIONALIST STATES,
OTTOMAN EMPIRE)
MILITARY ALLIANCES
CONFLICTS – ARMS RACEINDUSTRIALIZATION ALLIANCES – WARS???
RIVAL
COALLITIONS
TRIPLE
ENTENTE
(“ALLIES”)
RUSSIA,
FRANCE
AND UK
SUPPORTED
BELGIUM
AND SERBIA
TRIPLE
ALLIANCE
(“CENTRAL
POWERS”)
GERMANY,
AUSTRIAHUNGARY
AND ITALY
6. WORLD WAR I (GREAT WAR / 1914-1918/19)
WAR BREAKS OUT
(JUNE-AUGUST 1914)
EXTREME TENSION,
CONFLICTS, RACE
ARMS… OF ARMED
PEACE PERIOD
AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE (HEIR)
FRANZ FERDINAND
ASSASSINATED IN SARAJEVO
BY A BOSNIAN SERB
NATIONALIST / SERBIAN
TERRORIST GROUP?
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY vs
SERBIA
GERMANY SUPPORTS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY /
RUSSIA SUPPORTS
SERBIA
ULTIMATUM GIVEN BY AUSTRIAHUNGARY TO SERBIA, REJECTED
VIENNA DECLARED WAR TO
BELGRADE, SO RUSSIA MOBILISE
THE ARMY, SO GERMANY
DECLARE WAR TO RUSSIA…AND
SO ON (SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES)
GERMANY INVADES
BELGIUM…START THE
WAR
6. WORLD WAR I (GREAT WAR / 1914-1918/19)
STAGES OF WORLD WAR I
WAR OF MOVEMENT (SEPT 1914)
TRENCH WARFARE (1914-1917)
PRE-ESTABISHED PLAND TO
MOBILIZE ARMIES…SUPPOSE TO BE
A SHORT WAR…
WESTERN FRONT
GERMANY INVADE
BELGIUM AND
ENTER FRANCE
TILL BEING
STOPPED BY
FRANCE AND UK
FIRST BATTLE OF
THE MARNE –
STATIONARY
FRONT LINE
HUGE NUMBER OF
CASUALITIES BUT
NO ONE COULD
ADVANCE
EASTERN FRONT
RUSSIA INVADE
EAST PRUSSIA
BUT GERMANY
DEFEAT RUSSIA
(TANNENBERG)
AUSTRIAHUNGARY vs
SERBIA IN
BALKANS
NAVAL BLOCKADE
BY UK / SUBMARINE
WAR BY GERMANY
OTTOMANS AND BULGARIA
(CENTRAL POWERS) / ITALY
AND ROMANIA (ALLIES)
STALEMATE (1917-18)
1917 CHANGE THE
BALANCE OF POWER
DUE TO
WITHDRAWAL OF RUSSIA
(TREATY OF BRESTLITOVSK MARCH 1918)
USA ENTRY IN THE
CONFLICT AND
REVITALISE ALLIES
GREAT GERMAN
OFFENSIVE IN
FRANCE FAIL
NOVEMBER 1918 GERMAN
EXHAUSTED ALLIES ABANDON /
KAISER ABDICATED / ARMISTICE
7. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
ORIGINS
AUTOCRATIC
SOCIOPOLITICAL
SYSTEM OF
TSARS
(≈ABSOLUTISM)
AGRARIAN
SOCIETY
ARISTOCRACY
PROPERTY OF
LANDS
NASCENT
PROLETARIAT
WITHOUT
RIGHTS
REVOLUTION OF 1905
DEMONSTRATIONS AND
STRIKES (RUSSOJAPANESE WAR) GAINS
THE SUPPORT OF ARMY
AND PROLETARIAT
FORMED SOVIETS
NICHOLAS II MAKE
CONCESSIONS
(DUMA…)
OPPOSITION TO
TSARIST REGIME
BOURGEOISIE
PEASANTS
PROLETARIAT
(MARXIST)
MENSHEVIKS
BOLSHEVIKS
7. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
REVOLUTIONS OF 1917
FEBRUARY (LIBERAL)
UPRISING IN PETROGRAD
PRODUCE THE END OF
MONARCHY (NO ONE FIGHT
FOR THE TSAR)
PROVISIONAL
GOVERNMENT
(BOURGEOISIE,
LIBERALISM)
CIVIL WAR (1918-1921)
OCTOBER (SOCIALIST)
STILL AT WAR,
WITHOUT
ELECTIONS
PETROGRAD SOVIET
(PROLETARIAT AND
SOLDIERS. GREAT
REFORMS)
APRIL THESES
(LENIN,
BOLSHEVIK)
BOLSHEVIKS SEIZE
POWER UPRISING
IN PETROGRAD
(TROTSKY)
COUNCIL OF
PEOPLE´S
COMMISSARS
(LENIN)
REVOLUTIONARY
REFORMS
(MARXISM)
NOVEMBER 1917 ELECTIONS
BUT JANUARY 1918
BOLSHEVIK DICTATORSHIP
LIBERALS AND
TSARISTS
OPPOSE
WHITE ARMY
(SUPPORTED BY
FRANCE, UK,
USA AND JAPAN)
RED ARMY
(TROTSKY) AND
CHEKA
(POLITICAL
POLICE)
8. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919)
BIG FOUR
“WINNERS”
PEACE TREATIES
UK – MAINTAIN
BALANCE OF
POWER
USA (WILSON) –
PREVENTING WAR
AND SELFDETERMINATION
(NATIONALISM)
FRANCE – DEMILITARISE
GERMANY FOR FRENCH
SECUTIRY + WAR
REPARATIONS + ALSACELORRAINE
ITALY –
TERRITORIES
PROMISED
VERSAILLES
GERMANY
LOST
TERRITORIES
ALSACELORRAINE /
DANZING /
COLONIES
GERMANY
FORCED TO
REDUCE
ARMY AND
ARSENAL
OTHERS
GERMANY
HAD TO PAY
WAR
REPARATIONS
SAINT GERMAIN (DISOLVE
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN
EMPIRE: YUG, CZ…)
TRIANON
NEUILLY
SÉVRES (DISOLVE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE, UK
AND FR MANDATES)
8. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
DEMOGRAPHIC
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
POLITICAL
CASUALITIS (ALSO
BIRTH RATE)
RESTORE
ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS (AFTER
ECONOMY WAR)
WOMEN
RISE OF NON
EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES (USA,
JAPAN…)
“SPANISH FLU”
(PANDEMIC)
DEBTS (MOSTLY TO
USA) /
HYPERINFLATION
POLITICAL AND
RULIG CLASSES
PRESTIGE
DECREASE
END OF EMPIRES IN
EUROPE AND NEW
STATES
ORIGING OF
GLOBAL ECONOMY
(NOT ONLY
EUROPE…)
PESSIMISM (IMP
FOR TOTALITARISM)
LEAGUE OF
NATIONS (WEAK)
http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/tablas.htm#EL%20COSTE%20HUMAN
O%20DE%20LA%20GRAN%20GUERRA
https://www.infoplease.com/us/gender-sexuality/womens-suffrage
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