1. Introduction ! "# "# $ % & ' $ '( ( ) * 2. Phonetic symbols + , , " " ,# ! - .# ( /# ! " $ , " ,4 3666# " ' 0 12# 3# "5 ) " 3676# ! , & " ,9 8 , :# " % ;< 3=6># ( ' " ?# " ) 7# , : ) ( ( ! $ ,@ ! A , 9 & ) ) " B B C C# ' < ) * D "E & , F# , G H ( ;>>> I "E , F# J & J ' , , ( & $ ( ( " ;>>?# 5 366> 36K> ( L L ! ,& , H &,M , " NO P P ,& $ 366KO # + , , B , * C < , * 3. Impressionistic vs. systematic H ' ! "! ( ( C ", ( #! 36Q7<?N# , : O ! ' ) , ' " # " # , ( , ' ' , " ! '# < " # " # 4. Simple vs. comparative + ! ( R 0 S 0S ! $ ' PP & " #) # % B " #+ " #L C 0S S & & ! 0S T 0 " ( U . ! VW WX "H 3666# < Y Z F M [ \ G 5 9 * 9 O ]^ _` a [ G a * % "& & 0S # ! , B b $ Vcd cdX "! &C 3666# ! , $ , $ + $ 12 ) ' e )* f + " Q ) gO 36N=# J + , % "E " S S S# S E E #L , )' "5 ) , 3666< 3=K 36?# P P" PS S S S E E P E E P $ # P PS S E E P & : ' + h" 36NQ<??N# ! i *' ' j k l " , m n o# 5. Phonemic vs. allophonic + ! ( ' H &,M , B ! C " 366K# C & P pq r + ' , C + O ' ( " ( P P ' Vq qX ! " B < V X " # B C C# ) $ #s R < " * # " # " #< 4 T V' 'X VttX #! " ( P'P ' " # 5 ! , ( ( ! T " KOM ( $ 366># ! " , ' - # " # , R ' " =# $ ' + ' ( . U2U2 ( v2 $ " $ (U ( 1 uL v ( ( ,# <) , w H x ) PP" c VccX c # " ( $ " VccX # 6. Analysis and transcription: the English vowels ! 5 $ O # + ! ) " R # L H " #! / L )+ (* ! % C " 363K# ) ) % "! ' * # / y 1/ . ./ / z G/ G & . G UG .G G ' " 7 # )+ ) % C / / / / z G/ G G G G G * L < L " #L L L , ) :" ( , ( <# "! & 36N3# ! : , R " # < y G G ! h G & ) "36Q=# 4 ( D y I 4 $ . { | G G} h ~ { ( * " I .} * # L ( % * " # + I ( * 36;> ) * < F U y 1 • . € z _G F € F " • € .F FG UG .G €G F ‚ € # & ƒ ƒ "3677# ! < F U y 1 • . € "! z „ G … $ , ) F € .F #! , ' B ,C ) , ( )+ ! J ' * ! * * , "T 36Q;# T $ * "* # * < / F y 1/ • ./ € * "J / z _/ G .G F G€ F 1€ .F FG G €G ./ # M * J / F y 1/ • ./ € / z _/ G " F G€ F 366># € .F FG G €G ! # " " #, B B / / FC €C ( $ ) / LF /L€ € & / F $ ! 7. Segments and digraphs ) ' ! ! B * C ! $ l -k ")' & , ' ( † ‡ # ' < lˆ -ˆ k ˆ "B C# * ! ! L ' L V ‰X : L ) Š F F J L) I , F ! " # F" # , ' ‹ $ 9 ' ! <‹ ˆ $̂ ˆ 9 ˆ ' " 36KQ $ , Œ $" 36KQ## 4 • 9 ( , Ž • @ ", #! 4 * $ "S # " # 4 "••# •• " @‘# @‘ "M •‘# •‘ S • ‘ #H " " @• 3666 @• 6# $ * $ " " * $ ! $ " * # # $ # 9ˆh $ 9h $ (9h $ & ’ "E ˆ 9# ( , Žh ’h 8h 8h 9h ", $ # ! 99 9h + ' O : 8. Dictionary entries ! * ! ' ! + L ( ! B C $! $B C $ + ( " B “C $ B C#< " # ) " # ( , P P M ) y G ! " ”# , '( <q qG y , ' , ( ' ( & O • + ! J ) O O 9( ( "+ ;>>># ) ( ( F " # %H ) ";>>?# • • & , ) & J ) , R + ) 1/"# ' 1/ G , ) J) • ! " ( # + ' ) F F ! F F "# "! < "# 4 T M 366>#, ' ) ' ' "F Š / "Š F ' # / Š / # )+ ' ) , ' T * – – G G < ( ( Š ˜ – Š ˜ G ) Š F – < T— T Š F G , % "366><?;# ) ' Š F G Š F "G# 9. Pedagogical transcription, dictation and reading exercises % ƒ " # ' ' ( " # ) ' ( * " + ( # ' ) y G G – – ! ' ! ' B C4 C ! y y y ! References , % 36N? B C ™ “* 3>> ?;(?7 , % 36Q7 ) ' <+ + J 4 & u <M 3663 % T "36Q;# , , ) <, % H 3=6> % ??(K6 % 363K ) <% 36NQ , % ) <4 V , ) ', ! 3676 ! %X , , < ' < ƒ ) & M , ! 3677 , ƒ , M ,<M 366> % M N3 , š & š ! M < % V5 + ) #X 3666 4 " , < , H M 3666 4 H 4 3666 5 < ) 5 3666 ) 3666 t 36N= “* & 4 & ! ;>>7 5 < ( ) ! < ƒ & › ! 36KN ) , R M < & R 3666 &C M 3666 , 5 ) ! T & 5 36N3 , 4 Hƒ<J & , 36NK % < & % V ) 36QQ X R 36KQ < ! , C , Q 3<;(? 366> 4 "& ;>>> 4 < ) < # 366K B&,M , T % M C R R " # 4 J 5 œ <M T › ;>>? B C 3N J J ?(6 , ;>>? + ! 3 , + <PP P ,P + ; ! % + ? ! & % R 36KN + + 7 , ) * + 5 & * ;>>7 + N › &,M , <PP P , + P P + Q + + 36N= ! + g + + J K M 366> 5 ' J— t < < + = 5 R $ " 36QQ# ! P P " 36=6 š , $ • : žO • F# + ! 6 4 + H 3666 Abstract % , " " # # "# "# & " #% , ' % ( Keywords , , , ( ( $ * &,M , ,& *