E-Prints Complutense - Universidad Complutense de Madrid

UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS
Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear
EL EXPERIMENTO AMS-02 COMO OBSERVATORIO DE
RAYOS GAMMA DESDE LA
ESTACIÓN ESPACIAL INTERNACIONAL
MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR
PRESENTADA POR
Ignacio Sevilla Noarbe
Bajo la dirección del doctor:
Juan Alcaraz Maestre
Madrid, 2007
• ISBN: 978-84-669-2974-5
© Ignacio Sevilla Noarbe, 2006
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2l ! %$( ) Entries
31308
Mean
0.3927
RMS
0.09684
Longitudes de radiacion hasta el STD
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Longitudes de radiacion
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9@1ZD^IS;=9<HBaL61E3m>9l¦mLQo<T6T6Ty–!9<¿ K_34IC?BD^>89<HL6IC>83];=3q>834?s1E34?sK_36HB;=9@?<c%K_34IvAIw\ªLd[ “8D^\l3m>9tT"- T5*}\ ?=H>89zo<TzL
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Aceptancia (m2sr)
Aceptancia rayos gamma
10-1
10-2
-3
10
Preseleccionados
Cortes minimos
10-4
Cortes estandar
10-5 -1
10
1
103
102
10
Energia (GeV)
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Area efectiva (cm2)
Area efectiva
10
128 GeV
32 GeV
3
32 GeV (cortes minimos)
16 GeV
8 GeV
4 GeV
2 GeV
1 GeV
102
-1
-0.95
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
cos θ
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2l ! %$( ) Phi
Entries
3908
Mean
0.03188
RMS
1.821
(Numero de sucesos/bin)/media
Sucesos aceptados segun el angulo acimutal
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Angulo acimutal φ
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Longitudes de radiacion hasta el STD
Sucesos cos(θ) > 0.95
3
10
Sucesos cos(θ) ∈ (0.80,0.85)
102
10
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Longitudes de radiacion
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A) Sin campo magnetico -- Sin convertidor
Run
1462 Event 4441127 Energy 2.956 (GeV)
B) Campo magnetico -- Sin convertidor
Run
1021 Event 4129038 Energy 6.876 (GeV)
C) Campo magnetico -- Convertidor
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C N n M F‰I(=?JGCLMOK N D N‹u F; RYM H M?u F8D > M HeJG>z;H R DGFHfF8DG{OCAH R F‰= V^M HeD N JG= V =IgMOK V ;> MxV DL> V D R DLJ RYM Fh‡cn M FI(=UF<CAIcay=?J RYM HGt
R F‰=UoL=?H‡?tyD N K; > R CzI(=ZC N H R = N JGCA=btyj-GKD F R CAJ`DLH V DH8;5J`DLH M HIi;> R C R F=UoL=bt"J MON H;HIZ=U{ N C R ; V DLH =?H M JGCA= V =?H l"m H RYM H
V = RYM HiHYDZDLH8J`FC u D N D N ; N n M FI(= RYM DLH R K= NV =UFxay=UF=ŠDL>e= N ?K= >ACAH8CAH l"…ÃM H V D R =?>z>EDLH V D‹> M H&a5=?H M HxHYDG{O;C V^M Ha M F
DL>ÃJ$MOK V CE{ M HYDa5F M a M FJGC MON = N D N DL> ‚ a<KD NV CAJ`D ‚xl pBDF8DGaF MbV ;J`D=?@B;’~ K R =?I u C‰KD N t5J M I M F8DGnŒDGF8D N JGCA=bt>A= ] {O;^F=
€ lA |BtƒC N JG>A;5C V =&D NŽV CAJ ^M(‚ a<KD N5V CAJ`D l
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ž•=UF‰=¼DL> =?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM™V D\> M HwIgMOK V ;> M H V \
D H8CA>zCAJGC M YH D DLIca5>EDL=UF MON jU=UFC M ‹
H F; N LD H‹J OM N R F=UoL=?H[F8DLJ R =?HLt
DV H8=?J R CEjU= NV^M DL>›JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M ‡Š@B;C R = NV^M LD >ÃJ MON j?GD F R C V^M F V Di>z=(>”~ K N DL= V D  =Uo ƒl m H R DiaF M J`DLH M HYD  =
L
>z>EDGj˜= VM =ZJG= uƒM D N j˜=UF‰CA=?HsC R DGF=?JGC MON DLHGš
Ul meN aFCAI(DGFx>A;^{O=UFLt•> M HIgMOK V ;> M H V DL>hp^qsrQHYD  = N =?>AC N DL= V^M C NSR DGF N =?IcD NdR DwJ MON™R F8DLHia5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H
>AC u FDLHGš ÃtJÍw‡X>z=cF M?R =?JGCLMOK N =?>EF8D V D VM F V DL>$D v D´xt ]Uv = N5V^M DL>xK= N {O;> MZV Di>A= R F=UoL=‹=ZC N JGC V D N JGCA=?H„Ii;^‡
a"DGF8a"D NV CAJG;>z=UF8DLHe‡[>A=*a M H8CAJGCkMOK NwV DL>$aFCAI(DGF<I´MOK V ;> M^l
 l pBD&=?>AC N D’M K DL>›pbqsr  ;H8= N5V^M > M HsI(CzH8I M HJ`FC R DGF‰C M Hs@B;^DD N DL>$a5=?H M = NSR DGFC M F l
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fPghjiJk%l m;no +p!–/s zj ¨ „S‰¢ƒ „Sv‚5{ ~ sxuwvxzj{5{r}~€|  Ÿ
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| l Bp DQ=?>AC N D’M K H8CAI;> R K= N DL=?I(D NSR DXDL>pbqsr  te; R Cz>ACEoL= NV^M\R F=UoL=?HwJ M I; N DLHZJ MON DL> pbq„r†‡ ]?v = NVM >A=?H
a M H8CAJGC MON DLH V DDLH R DK; > R CzI M^l
€ l pBDiJ M I(a5>ED R = N > M H=?>zC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM H V DL>6pbq„r  ‡ V DL>•p^qsr(C NdR DGF N =?IcD NdR D*>AC u DGF= NV^M >A=?HF M?R =?JGC MON DLH
=?>EF8D V D VM F V D&> M HD v DLH DÍ l
ÄBl ž M F\K; > R CAI M tHYDx=?>AC N DL=iDL>ÃIgMOK V ;> M pbq„r|(;H8= NV^M*R F=UoL=?H J M I; N DLHsJ MON DL>›pbqsr l
’… M H&FDLH8;> R = V^M H&D N n M FI(= V DZF8DLH8C V ; M H HYDZI;^DLH R F= N D N >A= ] {O;F=Š€ lA €Qay=UF=X> M H
‡Žp^qsr lƒ… = V CzHYa"DGFH8CLMOK NŠV D> M Hj˜=?> M FDLH J`D NdR F=?>EDLH V D> M H IgMOK V ;> M H„DLHC N nŒDGFC M F„=‹€ I
I´MOK V ;> M pbq„r|QHYD‹I;^DLH R F‰=XD N >A= ] {O;^F‰=Š€ lALÄBl pb; = N J  ;F=XDLH V DL> M F V D N¼V D‹>A=?Hi|U}?}
FDL@d;CADGF8Da5=UF=(> M HsDLH R ; V C M H<DLH8aƒDLJ?~ K ] J M H V DL> m : ‚… r l
V D R LD J YR M F8DLHcpbqsr 
lym >›F8DL8H C V ; M D N DL>
IŠt R =?>hJ M I M HYD
Residuos (µm)
Residuos: media y error del ajuste Gaussiano
10
8
Alineamiento X
6
Alineamiento Y
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
STD1
STD2
-8
-10 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nivel
7
8
9
10
11
fPghjiQk%l‘m!no¢m!p;—:sxr‰z ~ ?
s   {5„Š‰¢„ ¨ ~ | ‰zƒ ~ uv‚„sƒJ„€ƒ r  5 „ ¨ r   u ~ Ÿ
Ãq F=?H6DL>b=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM t?>A=?H V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH V D> M H•F8DLH8C V ; M H•D N GJ = V = N CEj?DL>b@d;D V = N J`D NSR F= V ?= H+D N ˜j =?> M F8DLH
C N nÈDGF‰C M F8DLH*=†€ IŠt-H8CAD NV^M >A=†IcD V Cz= V DX}+`ŀ-^ ` É I D N >z= J MBM F V D N = V = ´‡!$s}+` ^ Ê` } I D N A> =
J MBM F V D N = V = Í l
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meN >A=?H R = u >A=?H€ l Ž‡W€ l |\HYD[Ii;^DLH R F=\; N FDLH8;IcD N™V D[> M HF8DLH8;> R = VM H V D[JG=?>AC u F=?JGCLMOK N a5=UF= > M H R FDLH
a"DGFC MBV^M H„aFC N JGCEa5=?>EDLH V D RYM I(= V D V = RYM H l"… =wnŒF=?JGJGCLMOK N\V DJG= N =?>EDLHI(=UFJG= VM H J M I M F‰;C V^M H M H M Ii;^DGF RYM H
DLH V DL> M F V D NQV DL>’ a ¯”€ a D`_^J`DGa RYM a5=UF=cDL>’I´MOK V ;> M(Ä @B;^D&JG=?H8C’=?>zJG= N oL=cDL>  } a[l
R F MV = RYM = V DLH R =?JG=UFeDLH+>A==?> R =j˜=UF‰CA= u CA>AC V = V&V D> M H6a"D V DLH R =?>ADLH V D; N = JG=?>AC u F=?JGCkMOK N =>z= HCE{O;CED NdR D l˜m >
a5F M?u >EDLI(= V D NM I(= NdR D N DGF<DLH RYM H<jU=?> M F8DLHfD N ; N F= N { M = V DLJG;= VM –Œa M F V D u = vYMV D ; N =iJG;^D NSR =S—‰t^J MONV ;J`D
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# Entradas
Entries
1114
35
Mean
18.91
30
χ2 / ndf
25
Constant 25.65 ± 1.20
RMS
20
# Entradas
Residuo [µm] en STD 3, X
Residuo [µm] en STD 3, Y
318.4
105.3 / 87
Mean
19.83 ± 9.23
Sigma
264.4 ± 8.6
30
χ2 / ndf
25
Constant 26.28 ± 1.29
20
10
10
5
5
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
0
-1000 -800
1000
7.152
RMS
15
-600
1114
Mean
15
0
-1000 -800
Entries
35
-600
-400 -200
0
200
Residuo ( µ m)
302.4
99.41 / 86
Mean
20.34 ± 8.78
Sigma
241.8 ± 8.5
400
600
800
1000
Residuo ( µ m)
fPghjiJk%lWm!no +p¥—:sxr‰z ~   uvžƒ „‹v‚5‰€r{ž{8r}~|  ‰Š ƒ „‘ ¢uwv‚„5‹ ~ ƒ „¢{8r}~|  ‰¢8ƒ1”1q „ƒ1”1q¤¤ƒ/r ¨ ‹j„¢{8u ~¤¨ ž‰€r‰ ~  
sxuœ |z ƒ uwr ¨_~ Ÿ
l lÊm;n °p!—Yxsxzƒ u,„¢‰ ~ s‰¢ ƒ „È{5„ƒ ry8v‚„¢{8r}~|  Œ¥ƒ…„¢‰ ~ Œªvxz  xs’ ›)Ÿª”+ ¨ zjsxuv‚„ ƒ „ȉ¢s5†%r„¢{8r}~|  sxu|„  ‰Š„v ‰Šƒ ~ s
‹j5‰¢sxuœ„€ƒ xs5Œ8ƒ¥vxzr‰ ~‘¨ 5‰€r ~ ¢‰ ƒ ~ s{5„  „ƒ…xs5Œ ƒ „ʉ¢sx†*r„Š{r}~€|  sxu|„  ‰¢„€v‰Š\‰r{5Ž ~ vxzr‰ ~ Œ ‘ƒ „ 5v‚„Š{ž{8r}~|  ‰¢\{5„  „ƒ s
¨ „vž{ž„Š‰ ~ s { ~€¨_~ ¨ zj8vxu ~ s ~ vxz r‰ ~ s ~ s5Œ‹ ~ v ¨ ~ | ‰€zƒ ~ Ÿ
&
+
= ?+
&
S&
0/"-RR+
= 3 G :
J G I;
:
G J
8
:
G :316
8 G J
J G I14
:
G 3-J
:
G :31J
; G 6
J G 85I
:
G J:
:
G :-43
U G 6
J G U3
:
G JU
:
G :31J
I G 8
J G 6-6
:
G 3;
:
G :-43
J G :
J G J3
:
G J;
:
G :U-6
U G4
J G 6-U
:
G 3-J
:
G :316
3 G J
J G ;8
:
G 39
:
G :39
I
9 G J
J G ;9
:
G 9>U
:
G :316
U
3 G 3
J G I8
:
G 39
:
G :31J
J G 6-6
:
G ;3
:
G :-4U
:
9
3
J
4
;
6
8
G 3
9:
9:
9-9
9>; G J
4
G :-6
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G JJ
:
G :31U
9>3
U G4
4
G :8
:
G J9
:
G :J-6
9J
I G 3
J G U-6
:
G 3-I
:
G :9I
94
9-9 G U
J G I-I
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G 4
3
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G :9I
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U G ;
; G 9:
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l lm!n p1—:s5zƒ uœ„Š‰ ~ s ‰Š_ƒ „{5„ƒ ry8v‚„Š{r}~€|  Œƒ „¢‰ ~ ”jŒ¥vxz  s_’ ›ŠŸ/” ¨ zjsxuv‚„ ƒ „-‰¢sx†*r„Š{r}~€|  s5u+|„  ‰¢„€v‰¢ƒ ~ s
‹j5‰¢sxuœ„€ƒ xs5Œ8ƒ¥vxzr‰ ~‘¨ 5‰€r ~ ‰¢ƒ ~ s{5„  „ƒ…xs5Œ ƒ „ʉ¢sx†*r„Š{r}~€|  sxu |„  ‰¢„€v‰Š\‰r{5Ž ~ vxzr‰ ~ Œ ‘ƒ „ 5v‚„Š{ž{8r}~|  ‰¢\{5„  „ƒ s
¨ „vž{ž„Š‰ ~ s { ~€¨_~ ¨ zj8vxu ~ s ~ vxzr‰ ~ s ~ s5Œ‹ ~ v ¨ ~ | ‰€zƒ ~ Ÿ
%
+
= ?+
&
S&
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= 9 G U
3 G I;
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:
G :31:
; G 6
3 G I3
:
G 9>6
:
G :9-9
; G I
J G :-:
:
G 38
:
G :3-3
J G ;
3 G 63
:
G 33
:
G :94
; G 8
3 G 6;
:
G IU
:
G :-4I
8 G 8
3 G I8
:
G 38
:
G :U14
J G 8
3 G 43
:
G 94
:
G :31:
6 G 3
3 G 813
:
G 39
:
G :9H8
I
: G U
3 G J8
:
G 9>J
:
G ::-6
U
9 G 6
3 G 813
:
G 9H;
:
G :J-:
G 8
3 G I3
:
G JJ
:
G :-49
; G 9
3 G ;16
:
G 9H;
:
G :94
G :
3 G 6-J
:
G 9H;
:
G :38
6 G 9
3 G I;
:
G 3;
:
G :31J
G 8
3 G I3
:
G J;
:
G :3-3
; G :
3 G I-U
:
G J;
:
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:
9
3
J
4
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9-9
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9>3
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94
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4
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= >A= CAIca M H8C u CA>AC V = V V D<; R CA>ACAoL=UFÃjU=?> M F8DLH6Ig?K= H u = vYM H•a5=UF= >A=„HYDLIZCA>A>A=bt˜=?>B=?;5IcD NSR =UF6DL> N CEj?DL>dDGnŒDLJ R CEj MV DfF‰;C V^M
D N LD >’JG>A;H R DGFsF8DLJ MON H R F‰;C V^M^lm H RYM(R F=UDJ M I M J MON H8DLJG;^D N JGCA= R =?I u C³KD N ; N =*F8D V ;JGJGCLMOK N D N >A=*D ] JGCED N JGCz=btD N
=?@B;^DL>A> M HsJG=?H M HsD N > M Hs@B;^D&>A= M H8JGCz>A=?JGCLMOK N >A>ADGj˜=c=(>z=?HsHYDLI(CA>z>A=?H<a M F V D u = vYMZV DL>’;I u F=?>"DLH R = u >EDLJGC V^M tJ M I M
H8Dj?DGF5(K= a M H R DGFC M FIcD NdR D l
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ž•=UF‰=„DLH R DhDLH R ; V C M HYDh; R CA>ACAoL=UF MON jU=UFC M HÃF; N DLH V Df=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM tkD N > M H›@d;^DfDL>Sa5F M J`DLH M V DhJ MON H R F;5JGJGCLMOK N
DV R F =UoL=?H•DLH6Ig?K= H6HYD N JGCz>A> M^l pbDeD`_^CE{?D NR F=UoL=?H u CED N J MON H R F;C V =?HÃD N pbq„r  ‡ipbqsr„‡x; N CAIca5=?J RYM D N pbqsr|Bt
> M @B;^DJ MONV ;5J`Ds=; N = DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJG= V Ds; N^M H Ä }?}?}&H;J`DLH M HGtOH8; ] JGCED NdR Dhay=UF=> M H6aF M a„M K HC RYM H V D<DLH R =&HYDLJGJGCkMOK N$l
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meN aFCAIcDGF>A;^{O=UF*HYD[Ii;^DLH R F= N > M H  CAH RYM {?F=?IZ=?H V D M JG;^a5= N JGCA= V D RYMBV^M H*> M H*JG= N =?>ADLHC N JG>A;C VM HD N
JG>z;H R DGFH– ] {O;^F=i€ lA ÆO— l : M I M F8DGnŒDGF8D N JGCA=btBj-LKD =?H8D R =?I u C³KD N >A= ] {O;^F‰=&€ lA | lm Hfa M H8C u >ADsj?DGF@d;^D DL>  =Uoay=?H8=
a M Fo MON =?H u CED N\V D ]5N C V =?H@d;^Dc= u =UF‰JG= N =UaF M _bCAIZ= V =?IcD NdR D(; N J`D NSR D N =UF V D(JG= N =?>EDLH l’… = M FCED NdR =?JGCLMOK N ‡
a M H8CzJGCLMOK N(V DL>  =Uo DLH R =?>"@B;^D„a5=UF‰= R F=UoL=?HhF8DLJ R =?H<ay=?H8= N a5F8D V^M I(C N = NSR DLIcD NdR D„a M F<; N^MV D> M Hh>A= V^M H V D > M H
N CEj?DL>EDLH V^M?u >ADLHGt^DGjBC R = NV^M =?HL~ K >z= o MON =ZI;^DGF R = cD NdR F8D VM HsIgMOK V ;> M H<D N > M H\K; > R CAI M H N CEj?DL>ADLH V DL>›pbqsr l
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V C M V Df>A= H8CE{ N C ] JG= N JGCA= V hD >A= HYDN =?> V D<; N =„a5=UF R ~ K JG;>z= V D<C MON CEoL=?JGCkMOK N IX~ K N CAI(=btk@B;^D<=
V D R DGFIZC N = V^M >z=sF=Uo’MOK N HYD N =?>BH M?u F8DfF;C VM
a5=UF=JG= V =; N^M„V Dh> M H›JG>z;H R DGFHGtTIcD
u U= F@B;^D
V CA= NdR D?š
–Œ€ l O—
¾ H8CED NV^M
>A=¼JG=UF8{O=™D N DL> GJ = N =?> V DL>JG>z;H R DGFw‡ DL> F;C V^M c
I D V C V^M D NV CAJ ^M GJ = N =?> V ;^F‰= NSR D\>A=
JG=?>zC u F=?JGCLMOK N’là …’M H  CAH RYM {?F‰=?I(=?H V DZDLH R =\JG= NdR C V = V a5=UF=Q ; N^MŽV Dw> M Hg
I OM K V ;> M HxHYDwI;^DLH R ‰F = N D N A> = ] {O;^F=
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! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032
Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 0
12000
Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 4
8000
Lado K
Lado S
7000
10000
6000
division entre sensores K
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
200
400
600
No.canal
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
800
0
1000
200
Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 13
400
600
No.canal
800
1000
Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 14
6000
1000
5000
800
4000
600
3000
400
2000
200
1000
0
200
400
600
No.canal
800
0
1000
200
400
600
No.canal
800
1000
fPghjiJk%l_m;no jp P{8z%‹}„  8{ r„ ‰Š{5„  „€ƒ s°‹j„v‚„Yƒ ~ s‹vxr ¨  v ~ s ¨ ~ | ‰€zƒ ~ s3‰¢8ƒ¢”1"qYP”1"q€Œ:ƒ ~ s¥‰ ~ s‘|z ƒ uwr ¨_~ s¥‰¢8ƒŠ”Dq ¢Œ
‹j„vž„Suwv‚„%*„s?v‚5{u,„ˆs8ŸQ–3ƒ ¨ ~ | ‰€zƒ ~ §s8eŽj„ƒ‡ƒ „-  ƒ „ ~€ „ ¨  ~ swr‡ƒ z ¨ r  „¢‰Š„P‹ ~ v 8ƒŽj„*Œ3‰Š„¢‰Š„ȃ „§r  {8ƒ r  „Š{r}~€|  ‰¢8ƒ
¨ rts ¨_~ Ÿ
Entries
6357
χ2 / ndf
208.3 / 50
500
0.8326 ± 0.0238
Width
7.678 ± 0.039
MP
400
3200 ± 41.1
Area
1.095 ± 0.045
GSigma
300
;5> M Q
‡ > M HFDLH8;> R = ^V M 
H C 5N V CAJG= N
DV Ë š  ya =UF=ZDL>6>A= V M pƒtƒa F M I(D
;N(
= F8DL>z=?JGCLMOK N
CV A= NV^M =[> M H
S/N lado K: modulo 0
Entries
6367
Entradas/bin
S/N lado S: modulo 0
Entradas/bin
€ Al kÉdl pbD  =w= v ; H R = V^M ; N =ZnŒ; N JGCLMOK N … = NV ?= ;Ža5=UF=wJG= V =[IgMOK V
H8-D N =?>‘¯”F;C V^MZV Dc=Ua F M _bCzI(= V =?IcD NdR D(Æ l €^š  a5U= F=‹DL>•>z= V^M tƒ‡
LÄ IgMOK V ;> M H l
χ2 / ndf
146.1 / 41
600
0.6818 ± 0.0194
Width
6.301 ± 0.030
MP
500
3232 ± 41.2
Area
GSigma
400
0.9085 ± 0.0334
300
200
200
100
100
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
0
50
5
10
S/N
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
S/N
fPghjiQkˆl‘m!no j p1”+ „ƒQs ~ yvž?vxzr‰ ~ ‹j„v‚„ȁƒ ¨ ~ | ‰zƒ ~ 1Œ ƒ „Š‰ ~ s ”T
15
Œ/‰¢ 1 r‰¢„ s ¡ |z  ƒ „§ž{8zj„¢{8r}~|  " Ÿ $Ÿ
R F=cI(= N DGF‰= V D&JGC R =UFDLH R D&F8DLH8;5> R = V^M t ; R CA>zCEoL= V =*=cIcD N ; ^V M D N >A=c>zC R DGF= R ;^F=bt^DLH= R F=kj-LKD H V D?š
– †— ¾ : OM N DLH R = V D 5] N CAJGCLMOK N bt > M HF8DLH8;> R = ^V M HH MONXV D  } l €^š  a5=UF =*DL>Ã>A= ^V M
‡ L ÄBl Ë š  ya =UF=cDL>’>A= V M p l
[
Å Á À É ŠÃ Ä¥É Ì
!
QÆwÉ"ǤÅ/Ç °Ä¥ÃQÇ
,")+
–Œ€ l |O—
I a MON D N ; N JG>A;H R DGF R F=?H•>A=sF8D V ;JGJGCLMOK NxV D V = RYM HGt˜aF8D VM I(C N = N
meN JG;5= NSRYM =?> N K; IcDGF M V DeJG= N =?>EDLH6@B;^DfJ M (
JG>z;H R DGFH V De; N^M„MV^M H•JG= N =?E> DLHGt˜J MON ; N IcD N^M F – LÄPa —’a M FJ`D NSR = v D V DfJG>A;H R DGFHÃJ MONxR F8DLHÇ&JG;5= R F M JG= N =?>ADLH
%¢
}K +)
 }O|
– NM FI(=?>AIcD NdR D?tJG;= NVM >A=a5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=  =*ay=?H8= V^M J`DGFJG= V D&; N =
V DJG=UF8{O=[HYDDGnŒDLJ R K; =[JG=?H8C•a M FCE{O;=?>›D NdR F8D>z=?H VM HayCAH R =?H Ig?K= H
I´?K= HeH8CE{ N C ] JG= R CEj M H+J MONdR CED N D Ig?K= H V DL> } a V D„>z=HYD-N =?> RYM?R =?> l :
ay=UF=*DL>’IgMOK V ;5> M }cD N >A= ] {O;F=?H€ lA Ë l
Numero de canales lado S: modulo 0
V D>A=?Ha5CzH R =?HGt V DI(= N DGF=c@B;^DDL>"F8DGay=UF RYM
aF5M K _^CAI(=?H‰— lƒ… =wJG=UF8{O=wD N > M H VM HJG= N =?>ADLH
M I M D v DLIca5> M tSHYD„I;^DLH R F=x>A= V CAH R F‰C u ;JGCLMOK N
Entradas
Entradas
Numero de canales lado K: modulo 0
3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
1
2
0
3
4
5
6
No. de canales >3σ
fPghjiQkˆl‘m!no-+pJ˜ |z ¨ 8 v ~ ‰Š_{ž„  „€ƒ xs{ ~T¨ |„ s‰¢
J &
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
No. de canales >3σ
   ƒ!{ƒ z$s5u,8v5Œ"‹j„vž„§8ƒ ¨ ~ | ‰zƒ ~ Œ1ƒ „¢‰ ~ s ”T
Ÿ
H D`_Ba"DGFCzIcD NSRYM H ‘LÄ “ V LD Ii;DLH R F=Z@B;^Dia5=UF=Z> M {?F=UF
… =(D`_ba"DGFCED N JGCz= V Dxa5F;^D u =?Hs= NdR DGFC M FDLH ‘ €S“›‡ M?R F M FDLH8;> R = V^M H‹M K a R CAI M HfD N FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCA=?>yDLHfaF8DGnŒDGFC u E> D>A=i; R CA>ACAoL=?JGCLMOK N(V D V^M HfGJ = N =?>EDLHGtd=?; N @d;D„>A=xH8D-N =?>
V DL>$HYDG{O; NV^M H8DL=(=?>E{ M C N nÈDGFC M F<=?>ÃJ M F R DxF8DL@B;^DGFC V^M^l
Å /ÌjË Ã Á +)
*)
meNdR F8DX>A=?Hca5CzH R =?H V DX>EDLJ R ;^F‰=†D`_bCzH R D N a5CAH R =?H\b M?R = NSR DLH @B;^DXIcD vYM F= N >A=†J M >EDLJGJGCkMOK N´V DXJG=UF8{O= =W> M
>z=UF8{ MWV DŠ>A= o MON = V DŠ>EDLJ R ;F=†IcD V CA= NdR DX>A=\J M F8F8DLJ R = J MON^] {O;^F=?JGCkMOK NV DXH8;H*a M?R D N JGCA=?>ADLH l+… =?H(>A>z=?I(= V =?H
V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH F8D b5D v = N >A= V DGa"D NV D N JGCA= V D>A=ZJ M >EDLJGJGCkMOK NŽV DJG=UF8{O=[J MON >z=(a M H8CAJGCLMOK NQV DL>ÃCAI(a5=?J RYM‹V D>A=
ay=UF R ~ K JG;>A=*C MON CEoL= NSR DD N >A=*o MON =cD NdR F8D VM Ha5CAH R =?H V Dx>EDLJ R ;^F= lm H R =cjU=UFCA= u >ADH8D V D ]5N DJ M I M š
½ –Œ€ l €d—
V^MONV D ½ H OM N >A=?H-JG=UF8{O=?HfD N >z=?H+a5CAH R =?Hf=&>A= V DGFDLJ  =xD„CEoL@B;CEDGF V = F8DLH8aƒDLJ R CAj˜=?IcD NdR D V DL>Ig˜K= _^CAI M
DV L>$JG>A;H R DGF l
H b M?R = NdR DLH&DLHjbCAH8C u >EDxD N >z=?H ] {O;^F=w€ lA l q MBVM H> M HIgMOK V ;> M HIi;^DLH R F= N
m >6DGnŒDLJ RYMQV Dc>A=?H R F8DLHayCAH R =?_
; N J M Ica M F R =?I(CED NdRYM I;^‡wHCAI(CA>A=UFktB@B;^D‡O=  =cH8C V^M jbCAH RYM D N a5F;^D u =?H= NdR DGFC M F8DLH  |T“ l
ÌjËwÉ /ÌjË
)
meN >A= ] {O;^F=&€ l U}cH8D I;^DLH R F=>A=xD ] JGCED N JGCA=ia M F N CEj?DL>5a M F R F=UoL=*F8DLJ MON H R F‰;C V =btdDLH V DLJGCEFLtd@B;hKD nÈF‰=?JGJGCLMOK N
DV j?DLJ`DLH*; NWN CEj?DL> V D R DGFI(C N = V^MX =Qa5=UF R CAJGCEay= V^M D N >A= R F=UoL= l qwKD N {O=?HYD‹D N JG;^D NdR =Ž@B;^D(DL>  }?} a V DZ>A=
(
I;^DLH R F‰=WH MON > M HZH8;J`DLH M H‹J MON ; N = R F‰=UoL=†F8DLJ MON H R F‰;C V =g–ŒDLH R =?I M H‹J MON HC V DGF= NVM > M HcF; N DLHcHC N JG=?Ica M
IZ=U{ N KD R CAJ MWN C<J MON j?DGF R C V^M FLt+>A=?H R F=UoL=?HcH MON FDLJ R =?H*‡ K; N CAJG=?H³— l6‚ V DLIg?K= H V D[DLH R = D ] JGCAD N JGCA=bt6HYDŠIi;^DLH R F=
@B;hcKD nŒF=?JGJGCLMOK N†V D(JG=?H M H&aF8DLHYD NdR = N ; N JG>A;H R DGFip$– —J M Ica5= R C u >EDJ MON >A=waF8D V CAJGJGCkMOK N V D*>z= R F‰=UoL= – V D NdR F M
V DX; N DGF8F M F V DQ|\j?DLJ`DLHZDL>sDGF8F M F V DL>= v ;H R DT—*‡ˆHC N J MONSR F=Uay=UF R C V =†D N DL>s>A= V^M –”p5—‰t V D N^M?R = NVM ; N =
C N D ] JGCED N JGCz= lO… =xIZ=L‡ M FC N D ] JGCAD N JGCA= V DL>y>A= V^M R CED N D„H; M FCE{?D N D N DL>ƒIcD N^M Ffj˜=?> M F V DHYD-N =?>5H M?u F8D„F‰;C V^M^l
m H R =Xa<GKD F V C V =[DLHIg?K= Hx=?JG;5H8= V = V DZ> M DLHYa"DGF= VM D N >A=QH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N t V = N5V^M >A;^{O=UF=X; N =XD ] JGCED N JGCA= RYM?R =?>
C N nÈDGF‰C M FLtBD NSR F8D Ä ‡  } a HYDG{<K; N DL> N CEj?DL> l
 }U€
! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032
Entradas/bin
Distribucion η lado K: modulo 0
Entradas/bin
Distribucion η lado S: modulo 0
400
600
350
500
300
400
250
300
200
200
150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
η= Q
/(Q +Qdcha)
dcha
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
η= Q
/(Q +Qdcha)
izq
dcha
izq
fPghjiJk%l¶m;no "p¥q?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~|  ‹}„€v‚„¤8ƒ ¨ ~ | ‰€zƒ ~
Ÿ ~ s†ˆ„€ƒ ~ v‚s  -s8§{ ~ vxvžxsw‹ ~ ‰Š  „¤‰ ~ s ‹rtsxu,„ˆs§‰Š ƒ 5{8uzvž„
{ ~€ s85{zuwr‡†ˆ„s8Ÿ}–¥ƒj5{8u ~ ‰¢:ƒ ~ s:„Š{ ~ ‹ƒ ~ sY{5„ž‹j„¢{8r‡ur‡† ~ sPr  uœ8v ¨ 5‰€r ~ s:xs†%rtsxryƒ    ƒ „sxuvxzj{8uwzv‚„ ‰¢D‹r{ ~ s8Ÿ J„?„s5r ¨ 8uv | „
  8ƒƒ…„¢‰ ~ s8?‰¢%y5?„ ž{8u ~ s?‰¢euwv‚„  s v‚  {8r„£K{8v ~ s5s ,uœ„€ƒ ¦_  uwv‚ {5„  „€ƒ s „ƒ „?Ž ~ v‚„S‰¢ vžž„€ƒ r %„veƒ „ƒ 5{8uzvž„‰Š ƒ „
s8  „ƒ…Ÿ
ËwǀÌ"ÅªÇ¢Ë Ã Á
)
meN a5FCAIcDGFs>A;{O=UFLt5>A=?HJG=?>AC u F=?JGC MON DLH„C N5V CAJG= N ; NXN K; IcDGF M(u = v MwV DxJG= N =?>EDLH C V D NdR C ] JG= VM HsJ M I M I(=˜¯
> M H ™– | a —Zt6=?HL~ K J M I M ; N J M I(a M F R =?I(CED NdRYM DLH R = u >ED V DL>eF‰;C V^M^l•m H RYM F8DLH8;5> R =XnŸ; NV =?I(D NSR =?>fa5=UF= >A=
C V D NSR C ] JG=?JGCLMOK NŠV D&JG>A;5H R DGFH‡[>A= V D R DGFIZC N =?JGCLMOK NŠV DL>’a5; NdRYM(V D&CAIca5=?J RYM(V Dx>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A= l
… = M JG;^a5= N JGCA= V DX> M H(IgMOK V ;5> M H*D N JG;= NdRYM =WCAI(a5=?J RYM HcDLH(=UaF M _^CAI(= V =?IcD NdR DQ>A=†@B;^DXHYDQDLHYa"DGF= u =
DV w; N™ =Uo V DwDLH R =?HcJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=?H l-m >fa"DGF ] >e‡ M FCED NdR =?JGCLMOK NˆV DL>  =Uo  = N H8C V^M CAIca5>EDLI(D NSR = V^M HiD N >A=
>z=ŠH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N$l"Ç NWV = RYM = V DLH R =?JG=UFxDLH&@B;^D(>A=ŠI(=k‡ M Fxa5=UF R D V D(> M HJG>A;H R DGFH&I;> R CAJG= N =?>– ƊJG= N =?>ADLH‰—
=Uay=UF8DLJ`D N D N o MON =?HxD`_ R DGF N =?H&=?>+a5; NSRYMXV D(CzIca5=?J RYMXV DL>  =Uo?t’J M I(a M F R =?I(CED NdRYM @d;DcDLH&J M Ica5= R C u >EDcJ MON
F‰;C V^M^lÅ =ŽH8-D N =?>fH M?u F8DZF‰;C V^MXM?u HYDGF8jU= V =QDLH*J M Icay= R C u >EDwJ MON FDLH8;> R = V^M Hi= NSR DGF‰C M F8DLH  €?“ l6m > N K; IcDGF M V D
ayCAH R =?H RYM JG= V =?H *a M FhJG>A;H R DGF<F8D V ;JGC V^M DLHhDL>yDLHYa"DGF= V^M t R D N CED NVM D N JG;^D NdR = R =?I u C³KD N DL>ƒ=?> RYM j˜=?> M F V D>A=
H8DLI(CA>A>A=;H8= V = l
pBD  = M?u HYDGFj˜= V^M ; N =ŠJGCEDGF R =XC N D ] JGCED N JGCz=ZD N DL>e>A= V^M – Ä $  } a — D N >A=[n M FI(=?JGCkMOK NWV D(JG>A;H R DGFHGt
J M I M HYDXa5;D V DŠ=UaF8DLJGCA=UF(D N >A= ] {O;^F‰=Ž€ l U} lhm H RYM R D NV F5†
K= ; N DGnÈDLJ RYM DGjBC V D NSR DXJ M I M ; NV KD ] JGC R D N DL>
K;N IcDGF M&V DCAIca5=?J RYM *H ] R F‰=UoL=?HeF8DLJ MON H R F;C V =?H6‡?tSD N K; > R CAI(=C N H R = N JGCA=bt?D N >z=DLH R = V ~ K H R CzJG= V D„H8;5J`DLH M H V D R FDLH
R F‰=UoL=?HGt^@d;^D H MON > M Hf@B;^D C NSR DGFDLH8= N =&aFC M FCa5=UF‰=&DL>yDLH R ; V C MV D„n M?RYMON DLH lb… =?H<JG=?;H=?Hh@B;^D HYDFDLJ M {?D N a5=UF=
LKD H R =‹H MONXV^M HLš
º’¢X$§ d`£GÀŒ¬E¢O£GÀ §U ½¼¿S¥*¬‘)§ ds«^¥8¿Sˆ¥ d³²”¢U¬A%¥ d³t$@d;^Dia5;^D V D u = v =UFDL> N CAj?DL> V Di>z=(HYDLI(CA>z>A=*a M F V D u = vYMZV DL>›;I u F=?>
D`_bCA{OC V^M t M =?;IcD NdR =UFsDL> N K; IcDGF MV Da5CzH R =?HhD N DL>$JG>A;H R DGFF8DLJ MON H R F;C VM t V DI(= N DGF=*@d;^DHYDDL>zCAI(C N =
D N >A=*F8DLJ MON H R F;JGJGCLMOK N J M I M F;5C V^M^l
º’
¢ U¥G8¡ d³À §? ½™ÀŒ½ÀÁ£GÀÁ¢U¬f¿S¥G¬f
£ §S ¿UÀ d§\¿S¥‹¡Y¥¿Uª££LÀ §U ½gJ MONdR = u =Ž=fK; N J MON jU=UFC M H&aF M?u >EDLIZ=?HD N >A= IcDLI M ¯
FCEoL=?JGCLMOK N V D>A=ca M H8CAJGCLMOK NQV DiJG>A;5H R DGFH lƒmeN >z= N^M?R = R LKD J N CAJG= ‘ ˜“•HYD V D R =?>A>A= N t V CAHJG; R D N ‡ŠF8DLH8;DL>Ej?D N
DLH RYM H„=?H8aƒDLJ RYM H V DL>$J$MOK V CA{ MZV DF8D V ;5JGJGCLMOK N$l
‚ H8CzI(CAH8I M t^; N = N ?K= >ACAH8CAH<a M H R DGF‰C M F V D&>A= u"M F= RYM FC M nŒ;^DGF‰= V DDLH R D&DLH R ; V C M H M?u FDDL>$F;C VM a"DGFIZC R CLM K F8D`¯
J MONM J`DGFŠ; N a5= R F5MOK N MONV ;5>A= RYM FC M D N DL>>A= V^M =¼> M >A=UF8{ MˆV D\JG= V =™œ ‚ –ÁƘ€JG= N =?>ADLH‰— lhm H RYM = HC V^M
C V D NSR C ] JG= V^M J M I M ; N aF M?u >EDLIZ= V D&=?CAH8>A=?I(CAD NSRYM F8DLH;^DL> RYM a5=UF=Z>A=cCAIca5>ADLIcD NSR =?JGCkMOK N[]5N =?> l
m Ha M FDL>A> M @d;^DHYD  = V DLJGC V C V^M DLI(a5>EDL=UF; N = R LKD J N CAJG=wD N >A=w@d;^DHYDi= N = V D N JG>z;H R DGFH jbCEF R ;5=?>EDLH ay=UF=>A=J MON H R F;5JGJGCLMOK N(V DCAIcay=?J RYM H-J MON JG>A;H R DGFHepD`_^CAH R D NdR DLH+‡J M I(a5= R C u >EDLH+J MON >A= R F=UoL= lSm H RYM H-JG>A;H R DGFH
%¢
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STD1 Eficiencia Total
Eficiencia suma: simulacion
Eficiencia suma: datos
Nivel en la traza
Nivel con cluster S compatible
Nivel con cluster K compatible
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
Nivel del STD1
STD2 Eficiencia Total
Eficiencia suma: simulacion
Eficiencia suma: datos
Nivel en la traza
Nivel con cluster S compatible
Nivel con cluster K compatible
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nivel del STD2
fPghjiJk%l\m!n pQ– {8r  {r„È£K‰Š ª r‰¢„S  ƒ+u, Šu ~ ¦ ‰Šeƒ ~ e
s ‰¢8uœ5{8u ~ v‚xs:”Dq”Dq)Ÿ°”+ ¨ zjsxuvž„u,„ ¨ 8y r)|  ƒ „ xs z ¨ „
‰Š?ƒ ~ s?uwv‚xs:Ž$rtsxu ~‚¡ v‚„ ¨ „s3‹}„€v‚„ƒ ~ s‰¢„u ~ s?S8ƒ°v‚sxzƒ u,„¢‰ ~   ƒ „_sxr ¨ zƒ „¢{8r}~|  Ÿ
 }OÆ
! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032
8H D&JG=UF=?J R DGFCEoL= N a M F<a M HYDGDGFs; NM H<j˜=?> M FDLHaF8D ]Uv = V^M HhD N JG;= NdRYM =cH8;[a M H8CAJGCkMOK N tda"DGF M DL>$CAI(a5=?J RYM D N DL>
@B;^Da5=UF R CAJGCAa5= NXR D NV F5‹K= ; N DGF8F M F I;^‡Q=?> RYM a5=UF=‹DGjbC R =UF V DLHYjbCEF R ;=UF>A=?HaF8D V CAJGJGC MON DLH@B;^D*HYD  =U{O= N J MON
V CAJ  = R F=UoL= l r DDLH R DsI MbV^M tUHYD<F8DLJG;^a"DGF= N {?F= N JG= NdR C V = V*V DH8;J`DLH M H+=?>^H8;^a"DGF=UFHYDfDL>b;I u F=?> V Dh> M H+JGC N J M
CzIca5=?J RYM HIX~ K N CzI M H lymfN >z= ] {O;F=Z€ l   H8DFDbD v =‹DL>6C N J`F8DLI(D NSRYMŠV D N K; IcDGF MwV D R F=UoL=?HF8DLJ MON H R F;C V =?H‡
V D&CAIca5=?J RYM Ha M F R F‰=UoL=(;H8= NVM DLH R D&aF M J`D V CAIZCED NSRYM^l
Numero de impactos reconstruidos en la traza
50000
Sin impactos virtuales
45000
40000
Usando impactos virtuales
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
5
6
7
8
No. de impactos
fPghjiJk%l m!n Jo"p  {vž ¨   u ~   ƒ „ʁxsxu,„¢‰; | s5uwr{5„ʉ¢  |z ¨ 8v ~ ‰¢-uv‚„%%„ˆsS  |z ¨  v ~ ‰Šr ¨ ‹j„¢{8u ~ ?
s ‹ ~ vÈuwv‚„*%„ˆŒ?  ƒ ~ s
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C N JGC V D NdR DLH(J`DGFJG= N =?H‹= >A= NM FI(=?>Át->A=\FDLJ MON H R F;JGJGCkMOK N´V DQ>z=\a M HCAJGCLMOK NV DXay=?H M V DX>A=Wa5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=Žay;^D V D
M?u5R D N DGFHYD†=™a5=UF R CEF V D\>A=ˆJG=UF8{O= V D†>A=?H V^M Hwa5CzH R =?H[C N IcD V Cz= R =?IcD NSR D†= V ‡O=?J`D NdR DLH¼–ŒayCAH R =?H[J MON I(=L‡ M F
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m >6=?>E{ M FC R I M ; R CA>ACEoL= VM a5=UF=[>A= V D R DGF‰I(C N =?JGCLMOK N\V D*DLH R DZa5; NdRYM DLH; N HCAIca5>EDI¼KD RYMBVMQV DcJ`D NSR F MQV D
{?F‰=Lj?D V = V =Ua5>ACzJG= V^M = >A=QJG=UF{O= V Dw=?I u =?HiayCAH R =?H l•… =?H V CEnŒDGF8D N JGCA=?HxD NSR F8DwDLH R D[=?>E{ M FC R I M ‡W; N I¼KD RYMBVM
u =?H8= V^M D N >z=*nŒ; N JGCLMOK N ‘ Ƙ“ N^M H MON CAIca M F R = NdR DLHa5=UF=Z> M H M?ubv D R CEj M H V DL>$aF8DLHYD NdR D&DLH R ; V C M t V D&=?JG;^DGF V^M
=Z> M jBCzH RYM D N ‘ €?“Ãay=UF=cIgMOK V ;> M HH8CAI(CA>z=UF8DLH–ŸJ M F8F8DLJGJGC MON DLH V DL> M F V D NXV D }+`  Iw— l
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; M HZ@B;^DXF8DLH8;5> R =UFk~ K = N J MONV CAJ  =†F8DLH M >A;5JGCLMOK N$l-…’M HZF8DLH8C V ; M H*F8DL=?>EDLH M?u HYDGF8jU= V^M HZH8DQJ M Ica5=UF= N J MON DLH RYM H
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>z= V^M pƒt‡ V D Ä =c€O} I D N >z= V^M t5=?H;I(CED NVM >A=cI(CAH8IZ=ca5=UF= RYMbV^M > M H„IgMOK V ;5> M H l rCAJ  =(F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N t
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Residuo (µ m)
Resolucion vs. residuo
100
Simulacion electrones 7 GeV: niveles externos (0 y 3)
Simulacion electrones 7 GeV: niveles internos (1 y 2)
Datos lado S
Datos lado K
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
fPghjiJk%l§m!n °p+—:8ƒ „¢{8r}~| 
„ xz$sxuœ„Š‰¢„ˆs5Œ1s8eŽ}„  sxr‡uzj„Š‰
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Resolucion (µ m)
  wu v‚v‚s ~ ƒ zj{8r}~|  ?v‚sxr‰z ~ žs Œ! Šuwv‚„; | ‰ ~ Y
s ‰¢Yz  „esxr ¨ zƒ…„¢{8r}~| \~€ u,5{ž„€vxƒ ~ Ÿ ” ~ yv‚:ƒ „sPv‚5{u,„ˆs
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ž•=UF‰=> M H V = RYM HLtBHYD  =iDLIca5>EDL= VM DL> V D R DLJ RYM Fpbqsr  t  =?JGCED NVM ;H MV D F; N DLHf= É [ DGœ l^m H RYM a"DGFI(C R D
IZC N CAI(CAoL=UF-> M H-DGnŒDLJ RYM H V D>A= V CAHYa"DGFHCLMOK N : M ;> M I u CA= N =@B;^D =?;IcD NdR = N J MON DL>5DLH8aƒDLH M F V DL>yI(= R DGFCA=?>5‡(H MON
I´?K= HDGjBC V D NSR DLH= u = v =?HsD N DGF8{~ K =?H l : M I M J M F R DLH V DxJG=?>zC V = V t^HYD  =*F8DL@d;DGFC V^M š
… =ca5F8DLHYD N JGCA= V DiJG;= R F M CAI(a5=?J RYM HD N >A= R F‰=UoL= l
ÇN U}Za5=UF=c>A= R F=UoL=‹H8C N >A=*a5=UF R CAJGCEa5=?JGCLMOK NŠV DL>’CAIca5=?J RYM D N JG;^DLH R CLMOK N$l
ž•=UF‰=ZI(C N CAI(CEoL=UFa M H8C u >EDLH<DGnÈDLJ RYM H R DLI(a M F‰=?>EDLHsD N DL>Ã=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM ty>A=(I;^DLH R F‰= RYM?R =?>•HYD  = V CEjbC V C VM
D N ˜j =UFC M H6aƒDGF‰C MBVM H+J MON a5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H V D=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM jh?K= >AC V^M H6a5=UF=JG= V =&aƒDGF‰C MBVM D N JG;DLH R CLMOK N$l : MON JG= V =
H; u I;^DLH R F=&H8D  =a5F M J`D V C V^M = M?uR D N DGFf>z=&F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N C NdR Fk~ K N HYDLJG=a M FeIgMOK V ;5> M tS;H8= N5V^M >A=FDL>A=?JGCLMOK N >zC N DL=?>
V D R DGFI(C N = V =Qa M Fc>A= H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N J MON > M Ha5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H V DŠ>A= R = u >A= € l € l-meN >A=?H ] {O;^F=?H€ l ?| ‡¼€ l ˜€WHYD
D N HY-D N = N > M HsF8DLH8C V ; M Hfay=UF=(> M Hs>z= V^M H„pw‡ V D&; N = V DDLH R =?H„H; u I;^DLH R F=?HGtJ M I M D v DLI(a5> M^l
1000
800
600
400
200
Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 1
Entries
11476
χ 2 / ndf
68.72 / 57
p0
818 ± 14.3
p1
-2.525 ± 0.286
p2
19.44 ± 0.36
p3
130.2 ± 9.3
p4
-1.16 ± 1.02
p5
52.78 ± 1.24
Entradas/bin
Entradas/bin
Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 0
1600
Entries
11491
1400
χ 2 / ndf
62.95 / 34
1200
p0
1393 ± 20.6
1000
p1
1.541 ± 0.163
p2
12.97 ± 0.19
800
p3
116.3 ± 10.0
p4
0.5962 ± 0.9762
p5
41.01 ± 1.48
600
400
200
0
0
50 100 150 200 250
-250-200-150-100 -50
Residuo (µ m)
Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 2
Entries
11489
1400
χ 2 / ndf
36.28 / 34
1200
p0
1393 ± 21.3
1000
p1
0.5324 ± 0.1637
p2
12.5 ± 0.2
p3
149.1 ± 11.6
p4
-1.407 ± 0.805
p5
36.46 ± 1.04
Entradas/bin
1600
800
600
400
0
50 100 150 200 250
Residuo (µ m)
Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 3
Entradas/bin
0
-250-200-150-100 -50
1000
800
600
400
200
Entries
11624
χ 2 / ndf
61.07 / 57
p0
849.5 ± 14.4
p1
-1.664 ± 0.292
p2
19.82 ± 0.36
p3
116.7 ± 9.7
p4
0.291 ± 1.092
p5
53.58 ± 1.49
200
0
-250-200-150-100 -50
0
0
50 100 150 200 250
-250-200-150-100 -50
Residuo (µ m)
0
50 100 150 200 250
fPghjiQk%l m!n p;qrtsxuvxry8zj{r}~€|  ‰Švžxsxr‰z ~ 8s ŸQ„Š‰ ~ ”+Ÿ/’
 ;Ÿ
Residuo (µ m)
rD†DLH R DWI MBVM H8D M?u5R CED N D N > M HwF8DLH8;5> R = V^M H[a5=UF=ˆJG= V =I´MOK V ;> MˆV D†>A= R = u >A=™€ l ÄBl pBD†HYDN =?>z= N > M H
DGFF M F8DLH V D u C V^M H*=?>= v ;H R DŠa M Fc; N >A= VM –ŒDGFF M F(DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M —i‡ DL>HCAH R DLIgK= R CAJ M a M F M?R F M^l-mfN DL>>A= V^M p
a5F8D V^M I(C N =DL>DGF8F M FhH8CAH R DLI´K= R CAJ MxV D u C V^M =x>A=xH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N šO; N =j˜=UF‰CA=?JGCLMOK NZV DL> ÄPa D N DL>DLHYa"DLH M F V DL>5HCA>ACAJGC M
–Ÿ=Ua5F M _^CAI(= V =?I(D NSR D>A=xC N J`DGF R C V ;5I u FD<C NSR Fk~ K N HYDLJG=D N >A=&nŸ= u FCzJG=?JGCLMOK NZV D > M HhHYD N H M F8DLH³—+J MON >A>ADGj˜=i} l  I V D
C N J`DGF R C V ;5I u FDiH8CED N5V^MŠV DLHYaF8DLJGCz= u >EDDL> V D u C VM =?>+=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM^l’meN >A= VM =?I u"M HDGF8F M F8DLHF8DLH8;5> R =UF MON
H8DGF V DL>yI(CAH8I M&M F V D N – +} `  $[+} ` | Iw—+H8;IZ= NV^M ; N DGF8F M F RYM?R =?> V D }+`ŀ $[}+` Ä I ldmfN >A= ] {O;^F=&€ l  Ä
H8D&Ii;^DLH R F=c>A= V CAHYa"DGFHCLMOK N‹V D>z=?H<F8DLH M >A;JGC MON DLH M?uR D N C V =?H<a5=UF=cJG= V =cIgMOK V ;> M ‡‹>A= VM tJ MON > M H É a"DGFC MbV^M H
V DX=?>AC N DL=?I(CAD NSRYM J MON HC V DGF= V^M H l-meN  €?“ HYD  =†jbCAH RYM @B;^DŠD`_^CAH R DQ; N = V DGa"D NV D N JGCA= V DŠDLH R =WF8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N
J MON >A= R DLIca"DGF= R ;^F=bt$ay; NSRYM @B;^D(HYD(J M I(aF M?u M K CE{O;5=?>AIcD NdR DcD N DL>6jB;DL> MXV DL>6aF M?RYM?R CAa MX‚P pd¯°} UlÃm H RYM H
FDLH8;> R = V^M H  = N H8C V^M C N J M F8a M F= V^M H=?>H8CAH R DLIgK= R CAJ M =?H8;I(CAD NV^M ; N =Žj˜=UFCz=?JGCLMOK NˆV DŠ; N^M H*JG;= R F M {?F= VM H
J`D NdR ~ K {?F= VM HsD N >A=*o MON =QK– ^+} `  Iw—‰t=ca5=UF R CEF V DD`_Ba"DGFCED N JGCA=?H<aF8DGjbCA=?H l
m >›aF M IcD V C M DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M[V D> M HjU=?> M F8DLH ‡ V D*>A= R = u >A=Z€ l Ä t$=?H8;5I(CED NV^M DGF8F M F8DLH [=?;5H ¯
HCA= N^M HGt˜F8DLH8;> R =D N > M H›jU=?> M F8DLH V DhFDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5 =?JGCz=?>^C NSR FT~ K N HYDLJG= V D N ;^DLH R F M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLHGtd@d;^DHYD<D`_ba MON D N
D N >A= R = u >z=Z€ l Æ l’‚ >6DGF8F M FH8CAH R DLIgK= R CAJ MŠV DDLH R DcaF M IcD V C M H8D*>AD  =w= N = V C V^M DL> V D u C V^M =w>z=?H V CEnÈDGFD N JGCA=?H
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Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 1
Entries
11476
700
χ2 / ndf
58.41 / 62
600
p0
662.5 ± 15.2
500
p1
-3.32 ± 0.77
400
300
200
p2
58.03 ± 1.18
p3
61.49 ± 15.88
p4
9.136 ± 4.599
p5
115.6 ± 7.2
Entradas/bin
Entradas/bin
Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 0
1200
1000
800
400
200
0
200
919.1 ± 74.6
p1
1.293 ± 0.555
p2
33.6 ± 1.6
p3
250.1 ± 84.5
p4
2.518 ± 1.365
p5
58.4 ± 3.9
Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 3
Entries
11489
χ 2 / ndf
85.22 / 48
p0
1002 ± 44.1
p1
-2.607 ± 0.548
p2
35.91 ± 1.00
p3
151.2 ± 47.3
p4
3.934 ± 2.262
p5
62.93 ± 3.77
Entradas/bin
Entradas/bin
400
p0
Residuo (µ m)
Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 2
600
88.14 / 46
-500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Residuo (µ m)
800
11491
χ2 / ndf
0
-500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
1000
Entries
600
100
1200
Entries
11624
700
χ2 / ndf
71.71 / 61
600
p0
657.8 ± 20.8
500
p1
-0.6406 ± 0.8064
p2
57.22 ± 1.30
400
p3
79.6 ± 22.0
p4
5.182 ± 3.443
p5
104.9 ± 6.1
300
200
100
0
0
-500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
-500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Residuo (µ m)
Residuo (µ m)
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fPghjiQkˆl‘m!n }m!p;q?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~|  ‰¢v‚xsxr‰€z ~ 8s ŸJ„¢‰ ~
l l m!n +p —Yxsxzƒ u,„¢‰ ~ s‘‰Š ‚v s ~ ƒ zj{8r}~|  s‹j„¢{8r„ƒ‹ ~ v ¨ ~ | ‰€zƒ ~ Ÿe–  8ƒYƒ „Š‰ ~ ”"Œ ƒ „W{ ~€ uwvxryzj{8r}~|  sxrtsxuœ ¨ |„ uwr{ž„Ws
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9.6
10.4
9.8
9.4
Lado S Modulo 3
Resolucion (µ m)
Lado S Modulo 2
Resolucion (µ m)
Lado S Modulo 1
9.8
Resolucion (µ m)
Resolucion (µ m)
Lado S Modulo 0
10.2
9.6
10
10
9.8
9.8
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.6
9
9.2
9.4
9.4
8.8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9.2
1
2
3
4
Numero de periodo
6
9.2
7
1
2
3
4
Numero de periodo
31
30
6
7
1
2
3
4
33
32
31
5
6
7
Numero de periodo
Lado K Modulo 2
Resolucion (µ m)
32
5
Numero de periodo
Lado K Modulo 1
Resolucion (µ m)
Lado K Modulo 0
Resolucion (µ m)
5
Lado K Modulo 3
Resolucion (µ m)
8.6
33
32
33
32
31
29
31
30
30
28
29
30
29
27
28
29
26
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
Numero de periodo
5
6
28
7
1
2
3
4
Numero de periodo
5
6
7
1
2
Numero de periodo
3
4
5
6
7
Numero de periodo
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V D„H8CA>ACzJGC M ‡c; N =?He|U} I ay=UF=DL>5>z= V^M clSm H RYMx =&HC V^M j?DGFC ] JG= V^M a M F V^M H-I™KD RYMbV^M H V CAH R C NSRYM H+‡cJ MON^] FI(=
> M H„F8DLH;> R = V^M H= NSR DGFC M F8DLH ‘ €ty€U“ l"meN DLH R = V D R DGFI(C N =?JGCLMOK N tDL>•>A= V^M DLH DL>•Ig?K= H V^M I(C N = VM a M FDGF8F M F8DLH
HCAH R DLIgK= R CAJ M H l5m H RYM HYD V D u D&=(> M H?b5;J R ;=?JGC MON DLHD N DL> N CEj?DL> V DF;5C V^M*u F; RYM I(D N JGC MON = V^M HsD N >A=cHYDLJGJGCkMOK N
= NdR DGFC M Fkt@d;^D&C NV ;J`D N I(=k‡ M F8DLH V CEnÈDGFD N JGCA=?H<D NdR F8Dx> M HIgMOK V ;> M H l… =?HF8DLH M >A;5JGC MON DLH<F8DGnŒDGFC V =?HH MON >A=?Hs@B;^D
 = u C R ;=?>AI(D NSR DcHYDZJGC R = N ‡ V D N^M I(C N = N J M I M M K a R CAIZ=?H bt’a"DGF M DLHxJGCADGF RYM @B;^DcD`_bCzH R DZ; N =ŠJ MONdR FC u ;JGCLMOK N
CzIca M F R = NSR D –  =?H R = |U} a D N DL>>A= VM p— V DQ; N = H8DG{O; NV = [=?;5H8H8CA= N =\D N >A=?H V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH V DX> M H
FDLH8C V ; M H l’m > M F‰CE{?D N V DLKD H R =ŽH8D  =?>A>z=ŠD N DL>fI MBVM D N DL>f@d;D‹HYDwJ MON H R F;^‡?D N > M HJG>A;H R DGFH lÃm >  DLJ ^M\V D
J M {?DGF >A=?H V^M H<a5CzH R =?HJ MON I(=k‡ M FJG=UF8{O=cay;^D V D V =UFs>A;^{O=UFs=*DGF8F M F8DLHD N >A=DL>EDLJGJGCLMOK NQV D>A=*a5CAH R =*= V DLJG;5= V =bt
HC›>A=‹a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=ca5=?H=‹J`DGFJG= V Di; N = V DDL>A>A=?H*– ] {O;^F=Z€ l  Ë t V DGF8DLJ  =S— l$m H RYM[R F=UDcJ M I M J MON HYDLJG;D N JGCA=w; N =
J M >z=D N DL>5F8DLH8C V ; M J M I M HYD Ii;^DLH R F=&CE{O;=?>zIcD NSR D„D N >A= ] {O;F=€ l  Ë ldm >DGnŒDLJ RYM DLHhIg?K= H-jbCAH8C u >EDhD N DL>>A= VM p
a M F<>A=xI(D N^M F V CAH R = N JGCz=D NSR FD ayCAH R =?H lBmeN > M HhDLH R ; V C M Hh@B;^DH8CA{O;^D N H8D  =I MbV C ] JG= VM >A=H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N a5=UF=
C N J M F8a M F=UF•DLH R DDGnÈDLJ RYM^lOmfN >A= ] {O;^F=€ l  HYDJ M Ica5=UF= N > M H›FDLH8C V ; M H M?uR D N C V^M H•a5=UF= V = RYM H6‡iHCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N t
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I´?K= Hs= V DLJG;= V^M H„a5=UF=c>A=cHCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N DGnŒDLJ R CEj˜= V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F l
ž•=UF‰=cDLH R D&DLH R ; V C M tHYD  = N ; R CA>ACAoL= V^M F‰; N DLH=Z|*‡ É [ DGœ ]˜JUtyJ MON DL>’JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M ?= J R CEjU= V^M w
‡ DL>
J MON j?DGF R C VM F„nŸ;^DGF= V D&>A=c>°~ K N DL= V DL>  =Uo l…ÃM H„J M F R DLH„DGnÈDLJ R ;5= V^M HH M?u F8D&>A=cI;^DLH R F=ZH MON š
ÇN J M F R D[{?D M I™KD R FCAJ M ay=UF=QHYDL>ADLJGJGC MON =UFDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH V D[>A=Xo MON =QaF‰C N JGCEa5=?> V DL>  =Uo\–UK= N {O;> M a M >A=UF
Ä IcF‰= V ^a5; NdRYM C N CAJGCz=?> V D&>A= R F=UoL=(=(I(D N^M H V Di|*JGI V DL>"D v DxIcD V C VM*V DL>  =UoT— l
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DL>’C NdR DGFC M F V DL>•pbqsr*@d;D V DLHYj"~ K D N >A= R F=k‡?DLJ RYM FCA= V D&>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A= l
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Residuo (µ m)
Residuo vs pto. impacto
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
η
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r‡ƒ z$s5uwv‚„€ur‡† ~ ‰Š{/~| ¨~ s8 ~ v ¨ „ ƒ…„_s8 ¡ z  ‰¢„ ¡ „z$s5sxr„  „§‰ŠƒJv‚s5r‰€z ~ Ÿ
:
9
Residuo en posicion lado S (µm): nivel 2
(Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas
0.14
Simulacion
0.12
Datos 7 GeV
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50
0
50 100 150 200 250
Residuo ( µ m)
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D N @d;^D&>z=?HahGKD F V C V =?H V DD N DGF8{~ K = V D&>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=*H MON a"LD @B;^DN =?H‰—‰š
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>z=(H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N = Ä [ DGœ lƒ…’M HDGnÈDLJ RYM H V Dx> M H J M F R DLHH M?u F8Di>z=(Ii;DLH R F=w= É [DGœ HYDxD N HY-D N = N D N >A= ] {O;^F=
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p
Entradas/bin
particula
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Entries
11277
p0
1304 ± 18.9
p1
1.009 ± 0.000
p2
0.03613 ± 0.00045
p3
99.2 ± 5.2
p4
1.131 ± 0.005
p5
0.1147 ± 0.0032
1400
1200
1000
800
p
particula
/p rec Datos
Simulacion 7 GeV
53.28 ± 3.89
1.004 ± 0.002
0.03642 ± 0.00264
6.748 ± 1.046
1.13 ± 0.03
0.1473 ± 0.0199
p0
p1
p2
p3
p4
p5
60
50
40
600
30
400
20
200
10
0
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
7 GV/|Rigidez|
7 GV/|Rigidez|
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
7 GV/|Rigidez|
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Resolucion en momento vs. p
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haz
3.8
Datos
3.7
Simulacion
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
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p(Gev/C)
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V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F V DjB;DL> M^ldm >ACAI(C N = NV^M > M HfH8;J`DLH M H<J MON n M?RYMON DLHfD N DGF8{›KD R CAJ M H<DLI(C R C VM H-a M F u F8DLI(H8H R F‰=  >A; N {^t
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m >DGFF M FfDLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M DLH VM I(C N = NdR DsD N DLH R =?H<IcD V C V =?H V = V^M @B;^DDL> N 5K; IcDGF MxV DF; N DLHfH8C N J MON j?DGF R C VM F
a"DGF M J MON JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CzJ M nŸ;^Ds>ACzI(C R = V^M t?‡c>A= M a"DGF=?JGCkMOK N D N J M C N JGC V D N JGCz=J MON DL> m : ‚ … r V ;^F‰= NSR DsDLH R =
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FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N D NxRYM F NM =?>  ` Æ a tTD N F=Uo MON = u >EDf=?JG;^DGF V^M J MON > M @B;^DfH8DeaF8D V CAJ`D-IcD V CA= NdR Df>z=sH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK NxV D`¯
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∆(p)/p (%)
haz
Entradas/bin
p
Sin cortes
104
χ2 > 50
6.5
6
5.5
3
10
5
102
4.5
4
10
3.5
1
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
p
2
60
/p rec
70
2
180
1.8
160
1.6
140
1.4
120
1.2
100
80
1
90
100
110
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Sin cortes
104
Distancia al haz > 3 cm
3
10
102
60
0.8
40
0.6
20
0.40
haz
Entradas/bin
p
/p rec vs. EECALD
haz
phaz/p rec
p
80
Longitud de la traza (cm)
haz
2
4
6
8
10
12
Energia en el ECALD
10
0
1
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
p
haz
2
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Configuracion AMS-02
0.1
Configuracion Prueba Haz
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
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0.08
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0.04
0.02
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0.03
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0.025
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0.01
0.005
0
0
0.2
0.4
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D N DGF8{~ K =?H lSmfN DL>5IZCAH8I M {?F5K= ] J M tBHYD„C N JG>A;^‡?D N >A=?H-aF8DGjbCAH8C MON DLH V Ds>A=&H8CAI;>A=?JGCkMOK N(PXMONdR DLJG=UF> M a5=UF= ‚P pB¯°}O
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DL>ADLJ R F5MOK N C N JGC V D NdR D l r D„DLH R D I MbV^M tSa MbV DLI M H-;H=UFf>A= R F=UoL= V DL>"pbqsr  J M I MiV CEFDLJGJGCLMOK N(V D C N JGC V D N JGCA= V DL>
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a M H8C R F5MOK N$l›m >[K= N {O;> M n M F‰I(= V^M a M Fc>A= R F=UoL= V DL>pbqsr  ‡WDL>hj?DLJ RYM F‹I M IcD NSRYM†V DL>ha5=UFX–ŸC N JG>A;^‡?D NV^M >A=
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ay;^D V D&J M IcaF M?u =UFHYD&D N DL>’F8DLH;IcD NXV Di>A= R = u >A=(€ lA  lƒ… =?HJ MONdR FC u ;5JGC MON DLHsIg?K= HCAIca M F R = NdR DLHaF M jBCAD N D N
V DL>’DGF8F M FJ M IcD R C VM =?>6J MON H8C V DGF=UF>z= V CEFDLJGJGCLMOK NQV DL>›n M?R MOK N J M I M a5=UF‰=?>EDL>A=Z=w>A= V DL>  =Uo‡ŠDL>›DGnÈDLJ RYMXV D>A=
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FDLJ MON H R F;C V =[D N DL><pbqsr Ul ž6=UF=ŽDL>eH8DG{O; NV^M H8D‹= N =?>ACAoL=XDL>-FDLH8C V ; M = N {O;>A=UF V DZ>A= V CEF8DLJGJGCLMOK NWV DL>-n M?R MOK N
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Momento (GeV/c)
fPghjiJk%l\m!n pQ—:s ~ ƒ zj{8r}~|    8v ¡ | uwr{5„:‹}„€v‚„ ~ u ~ xs8ŸQ”+ ¨ zjxsxuwv‚„  ƒ „vžxs ~ ƒ zj{r ~€ s ~ y8u,  r‰¢„ˆs?  8ƒ°xsxuwzj‰r ~ ¤~
u,5{5„vxƒ ~ ‰¢8ƒ;{5„5‹P | uwzƒ ~ SƒJv‚s5zƒ uœ„Š‰ ~ ‰¢ ƒ „Ssxr ¨ zƒ…„¢{8r}~|  ‰¢ƒ „?‹+vxzj*y5„  Ž}„%Œ3y5„ˆs8„¢‰ ~   ƒ ~ s?v‚xsxzƒ u,„¢‰ ~ s‰Š‰r{5Ž}„
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Datos
AMS-02 (sim) STD
1
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Momento (GeV/c)
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JG=?HJG= V =btÃ@B;^DcDLHF8DLJ M {OC V =[a M Fn M?RYM Ii;5> R CEa5>ACzJG= V^M F8DLH D N DL>-C NdR DGFC M F V Dc>A=[a5CzH8JGC N = l"‚ a"DLH8=UF V Dc{ M oL=UF V D
; N ={?F= N =?J`DGa R = N JGCA=&= N {O;>z=UF-‡; N =D`_bJ`DL>AD NSR DsnŒF=?JGJGCLMOK NZV D R CEDLIca M K; R CA>Ö } a —‰tS>A=F8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK N = N {O;5>A=UF
‡wDL>$nŸ=?J RYM F V DxF8DLJ  =Uo M H MON a M?u F8DLH l
m ><Ii;DLH R F8D MWV D[>A=\>A;^oX:  DGF8D N ?M j DLIZC R C V =Ža M F*>z= JG=?HJG= V =\D N >A= = R IgM K HYnŒDGF=bt+D N JG=?I u C M t  = V D`¯
I M H R F= V^M HYDGF<Ii;J ^M Ig?K= HenŒF;J R ~ K nÈDGF= lBm >yIi;^DLH R F8D MV DL>5nŒF8D NdR D V D MONV = V DL>a5;5>AH M :  DGF8D N ?M j  =x> M {?F‰= V^M
>z= V D R DLJGJGCLMOK N V D(>A= N D u ;> M H8= V DL>f:<= N {?FD v M ‡\a MON DGF&>”~ K IZC R DLHH8;^a"DGFC M F8DLH=Š>z=[DLI(CAH8CLMOK N†V D M?R F=?H&nŸ;^D NdR DLH
– m [ X„‚ ¯ ‚„5µ X ¶hµ :s: ‘kÉ “”Dt [ X„‚ ‚… ‘ Ë “”t"pbq ‚ : mem ‘ “”t$: me…›m pbq m  U}U“Œ— ly… = R LKD J N CAJG= V Din M FIZ=?JGCLMOK N
V D&CAIgUK= {?D N DLHJ MON > M Hs>z>A=?I(= V^M H²°¥G¬Eˆ¥ d`£§³«yÀŸ$§ d*¿S¥iÀŒ¾(¢ d¥G½†¿d¥i¡ ¢O¿?ÀŸ¢O£LÀ §? ½± b¥`¡8¥`½¤U§ Z¢?²Ÿ¾()§ d ¥G ¡‰ÀÁ£¢ – µ·‚ :<q„H‰—‰t
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‡\F8DLH M >A;JGC MON DLHD N DGF8{›KD R CAJG=?H V D LÄPa =  qÃDGœ lÅÃM H&aF M?u >EDLI(=?HaF‰C N JGCEa5=?>ADLH V DZDLH R = R LKD J N CAJG= V DGFCEjU= N
V DL>-n MONV^M^l ž M F*; N >A= V^M t’DL> N CEj?DL> V DZF;5C V^MXN^M J R ;^F N^M V DL>eJGCADL> M t›@B;^DZay;^D V DZ= R = v =UFHYDŠJ MON ; N V D R DLJ RYM F
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V DjU=UFC M Hay=UF5?K= IcD R F M H u =?H8= V^M HD N >A=wn M FI(=[DcC NdR D N H8C V = V\V Dc>A=?HCzIgUK= {?D N DLHH8CEFj?Day=UF= V CAH8J`FCzI(C N =UF >A=?H
JG=?HJG= V =?H&C NV ;JGC V =?H„a M Fn M?RYMON DLH l’mfN > M H 5K; > R CAI M H = N^ M HGt$>A= R LKD J N CAJG= V D M?u H8DGF8j˜=?JGCkMOK N DLH R DGF8D M H8J$M K a5CzJG=ŠJ MON
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:  DGF8D N ?M j[H8D&H8C R K; =*D NŠRYM F N^M =  }?} [ DGœ a5=UF=c> M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH =?J R ;=?>EDLH l
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; N =‹HCE{ N C ] JG= N JGCA= V D Ä ` Æ    “-=wD N DGF8{~ K =?HH8;^a"DGFC M F8DLH =?>6qÃDGœ l’… =[IcD vYM F=wD N >A=[C N H R F‰;IcD NdR =?JGCLMOK N ‡ŽDL>
= N ?K= >ACAH8CAHinŸ;^DŠC N J`F8DLIcD NdR = NV^M a5=?;5>A= R C N =?IcD NdR DŠ>A=\JG=?>AC V = VˆV DŠ>A=\HYDN =?>Át  =?H R =†> M H(U} D N |U} ^M F‰=?H V D
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