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anales por medio de los que se producen derrames de conocimiento Empresas Multinacionales Movilidad laboral Encadenamientos verticales • Tipo de propiedad • Nacionalidad • Motivos de inversión Efectos demostración Heterogeneidad de la IED Empresas Locales • Capacidad de absorción de conocimientos Proximidad espacial Derechos de propiedad intelectual Competencia en el país anfitrión Factores que afectan el proceso de derrames de conocimiento desde las EMATs OG,*2,]!8&,:%&%'(!$(*!M%6,!,*!1%++#!RHIIHTD!19,,26!RHII^TD!8%G6!Y!-%00%+L,&!RHII^T!Y!(2&(6! J_G4!6%M,9(6!',!,62%6!:(6#M0,6! ,A2,&*%0#'%',6!,*!5(62%!"#$%P! =%0+7+&.&$7.8%(.7$>$ ?)*.&').!+'),%#$0'(/*.7'#$@A$ )(<#0#'%'!0%M(&%0!,*!)S56!,*!5(62%!"#$%E`! RHIIE!%0!HIIaT! Destino de los empleados que dejaron de laborar para MNCs atraídas por CINDE Exempleados de MNCs atraídas por CINDE Hombre Mujer Total Abs. % Abs. % Abs. % Sector productivo costarricense 11.445 43.1 6.846 33.7 18.291 39.0 Empresas extranjeras en Costa Rica -MNCs atraídas por CINDE -Otras MNCs en Zonas Francas -Otras empresas extranjeras 10.437 39.4 7.016 34.5 17.453 37.2 6.265 23.7 4.097 20.1 10.362 22.1 1.918 7.2 1.475 7.2 3.393 7.2 2.254 8.5 1.444 7.1 3.698 7.9 Se salieron del mercado laboral Total 4.628 17.5 6.492 31.9 11.120 23.7 26.510 100.0 20.354 100.0 46.864 100.0 Posibles fuentes de derrames de conocimiento Incluyen a los (i) trabajadores que decidieron crear sus propias empresas (spin-offs); (ii) trabajadores que se fueron al exterior a trabajar; (iii) trabajadores que dejaron su empleo por razones personales, ejemplo estudiar y (iv) trabajadores que decidieron acogerse a su jubilación. E`!@*!2(2%0!6,!2&%M%7>!$(*!EEa!)S56!',!b02%!3,$*(0(+U%!%2&%U'%6!:(&!5=SB@!M%7(!,0!&4+#9,*!',!NO! OG,*2,]!)(*+,D!Q,#<%!Y!"('&#+G,.!RHIEHT! c! B#62&#MG;(*!',!,9:0,%'(6!',!)S56!KG,!6,!9(<#,&(*!%! ,9:&,6%6!$(62%&&#$,*6,6D!,*2&,!HIIE!Y!HIIaD!#*$0G6#<,!! Destino de exempleados de MNCs atraídas por CINDE Empresas privadas ONGs Academia Gobierno e Instituciones públicas Intermediarios financieros Organismos internacionales Energía y telecomunicaciones Total Sector productivo costarricense Abs. % 5.261 91,5 261 4,5 93 1,6 86 1,5 36 0,6 8 0,1 2 0,0 5.747 100 Empleados Abs. 15.139 977 389 1.279 270 12 225 % 82,8 5,3 2,1 7,0 1,5 0,1 1,2 18.291 100 1/ The total of employees was divided by seven categories: private businesses (producers of goods and services); NGOs (trade unions, professional associations, other associations and non-profit foundations); financial intermediaries (public and private banks, Banco Central de Costa Rica, financial agencies and other credit institutions); energy and telecommunications (ICE, JASEC and other electricity suppliers); government and public institutions (Congress, CCSS, ministries and other public institutions); the academy (public and private universities, university colleges, INA, CATIE and other educational centers); and international organizations (those that operate in Costa Rica and the embassies). 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